Crack tip opening angle CTOA

3D crack dip angle

Inspection of crack opening

initiation angle of wing crack

initial crack angle

initial angle of crack

equivalent crack opening displacement

equivalent crack opening

electrochemistry of crack tip

elasto-plastic crack tip field

different crack angle

deformation field of crack tip

damage open displacement of crack tip δ d′

critical crack tip opening displacement δIc

Critical crack tip opening displacement CTODc

critical crack tip opening displacement

critical crack opening displacement

crack tip stress intensity σ 1′